Mode of Sattva

It is an honest attempt to pen down authentic reviews on my own experiences with Ayurvedic, Yogic, and Spiritual practices. Providing information on healthy lifestyle and science behind Indian culture. Review on natural commercial products, Book reviews on Motivation and Santana Dharma. Sattvic and Ayurvedic foods and recipes along with my own Recipes. Eco-friendly and minimalist home decor and organization. I would also share my experiences with houseplants in Indian climate

Sunday, September 27, 2020

Scientific Explanation of Simantonayan (Godh-Bharaai/Baby Shower) Sanskar

Category: Science in Ancient texts (Hindu Sanskar)

Hi Beautiful and Peaceful Soul,

In the series of blogs about sixteen sanskars, after discussing Nishkraman (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/nishkraman-sanskar-outing-ceremony-of.html), Annaprashan(https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of-annaprashan.html), Mundan(https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of.html), Karnavedhana (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of-karnavedhana.html), Jaatakarma & SwarnaPrashan Sanskar (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/09/scientific-explanation-of-jaatakarma.html), and Namakaran Sanskar in my previous blogs today, I am going to discuss about Simantonayan Sanskar.

What is Simantonayan Sanskar?

It is the last sanskar of pregnancy period of mother. It is performed in either fourth, sixth, seventh or eighth month of gestation. The word Simantonayana is derived from two words Simant (the line of parting of hair) and Unnayan (combing hair from the sides to the top). Simantonayana thus means parting the wife's scalp hair, drawing the hair from the sides and upwards by husband. There is another meaning of Simantonayan but before discussing it, I would like to share basic structure of skull which makes it easier to understand the second meaning of Simantonayan.

Skull is a bony structure that supports the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain. Skull is divided into two parts: cranium and face. Cranium is outermost covering of skull which consists of cranial bones that are 8 in numbers and protect brain. These are joined together by sutures (fibrous joints) also called fontanelle or soft spots. In infancy, two halves of the frontal bone are joint by frontal suture called anterior fontanelle. Posterior fontanelle joins two parietal and occipital bones. Anterior fontanelle closes sometime between 9 to 18 months of age and posterior fontanelle closes by age of 1 to 2 months. As an infant starts to grow, these joints fuse together permitting brain growth and development. Therefore, we need to take care of infant's head and always keep it covered to protect from any injury.

Now we understand that skull is divided into many joints and because of these joints, it is called "Simant". Skull protects our brain responsible for our actions, thoughts, emotions. "Unnayan" means the upgrade. Thus, Simantonayan means the growth and development of brain. So, Simantonayan sanskar is the sanskar in which mother is advised to pay attention to her thoughts, emotions and actions as these promote the mental development of child in womb. In this sanskar, to be mother takes bath, wear beautiful clothes and jewellery, then her husband makes a bun (tuft of hair tied in circular form) through hair partition. Then they perform yajna together. The mother is offered "Kihchdi" with ghee and husband asks her "what does she see in ghee"? On this she answers "only the well being of my child". This is followed by receiving blessings from all other women.

1. Simantonayan sanskar is a ceremony for announcing the pregnancy of women to the world. Why this sanskar is performed only after 3 months of pregnancy?

According to modern science, initial three months of pregnancy is known as first trimester. During this period, a small group of cells i.e., embryo gets converted into fetus and starting to develop human features. First trimester is responsible for full formation of baby. The baby's organs and organ systems such as digestive, nervous, circulatory, urinary etc. are formed. This period is most critical and is susceptible to the drugs, illness, alcohol and other medications. Miscarriages can occur during this period if proper care is not taken. Perhaps, the criticality of this period push us back to announce the pregnancy and is announced only after three months when the chances of miscarriage drops significantly.

Moreover, after three months (at 4th month of pregnancy), the baby's brain and sensory organs get fully developed and it starts making random movements in the womb making mother and family members fill with joy. At the spiritual level, crown chakra is the first chakra that gets activated by this time and mother helps in developing the infant's crown chakra through meditation and other spiritual practices. Moreover, third eye chakra of baby also becomes active. This chakra acts as a bridge for mind communication between mother and baby. Therefore, mother can develop this chakra of baby by reading and speaking to her child at mental level. This explanation is based on the scientific review (43).

At 6th month of pregnancy baby starts responding to sounds and jerking motion is felt by mother.

At 7th month of pregnancy, baby's hearing gets fully developed and it starts changing it's position frequently. It also responds to stimuli including sound, pain and light.

At 8th month of pregnancy, baby kicks more frequently and brain develops more rapidly.

Thus, during these months, child has developed intellect, mind, heart, nervous system and sensory organs and can influenced by sattvic vibrations/frequencies through positive thoughts and actions of mother (sattvic karma). This can mask the effect of tamsic vibrations/frequencies from past life of child. So, this sanskar is to advise the mother to live consciously. This way mother can reform the destiny of child.

2. Why husband puts perfumed oil, comb and make bun by parting the center of the head of her pregnant wife during this sanskar?

First reason may be, this ritual shows that the husband accepts the equal responsibility for child's good mental development. This is why, he takes care of his pregnant wife as she is going to give birth to his child. Parents understand that the time has come for both of them to have pure thoughts, emotions and to act very consciously. In other words, this is the time to completely indulge in sattvic life as the mental development of child depends on the mental state of parents. According to our scriptures, pregnant women is like a living mould who can produce child of parents wishes. For example, Abhimanyu in Mahabharata learnt to penetrate the chakravihiyu in mother's womb. If this time is lost, then child is more prone to the influences from the external world than his inner strength.

Before discussing second reason, I would like to dig into physical and spiritual benefit of hair along with the reason of keeping long hair for women.

1. Nature has provided hair not just to enhance beauty but the main function is to protect us from dust, wind and extreme temperatures. Hair exists on the regions related to voids such as voids in eye sockets, ears, nose etc that can easily get affected by physical, mental and spiritual distress. For example, change in outside temperature can cause excess heat in these regions, thus, hair regulate the heat and maintain the equilibrium of specific part of body. Temperature of respective body parts is maintained at an appropriate level due to hair, thus assisting in better performance of body cells.

2. Hair are the extension of the nervous system (6) and when moved, these send and receive nerve impulses to and from the brain. Therefore, hair act as antennae for channelizing solar energy and its life force in body and brain. This imbibes divine consciousness and develops sattvic qualities in the individual.

Why do women keep long hairs?

As per spiritual thought process, a woman's body has more Rajas component than man. Hair are symbol of Raja component. The Raja component (movement, actions, passions and emotions) is emitted to greater extent if hair are grown longer. Due to this reason, negative energies which are rajas-tamas predominate find it easier to attack us through our hair. This makes women irritable and disturbed. Now the question is despite this, why married and unmarried women kept long hair in earlier times?

Just imagine, if we keep hair short then, we have only one option i.e., to keep them untie. This will give an opportunity to rajas-tamas waves to continuously emit and attack us. Moreover, hair tips get opened to a greater extent each time hair are cut. This allows negative energies to enter the hair shaft through exposed hair tip and this can impair the intelligence of women. Further, growing of hair need vital energy and nutrients. Thus, with each hair cut, energy and nutrients utilized for the growth of hair are wasted. It has been said that, it takes three years, after a hair cut, for new antennae to develop completely to help in gathering solar energy and activate the higher level chakras. Therefore, women grow their hair through out the life so that their hair antennae remain intact. But long hair emits and attract rajas-tamas waves, isn't. So, how will this problem will solved?

This problem will be solved by coiling hair on head. Because, long hair can easily coiled on head then short hair. Coiling of hair on the head does not allow exposing of hair tip and prevent us from negative vibrations and helps to gather cosmic energy and raise our consciousness. Let me explain you how?

In this sanskar, husband imparts center partition before making bun, because, the area of center partition is the area of frontal lobe of brain in skull (anterior fontanelle) which is connected to third-eye chakra which is present between two brow. Third-eye chakra is connected to pituitary glands which produce hormones to govern the functions of other glands of body. Sometimes, this chakra is related to to pineal gland too. The partition of hair in this area receives the cosmic energy (44, 45, 47, 48) to greater extent and heals the third-eye chakra of mother and helps in developing intuition and better visioning and visualization for baby (46). After hair partition, making bun on the head is related to the healing of her crown chakra which is present at posterior fontanelle.

Crown chakra which is present at the top of the head and is related to the Pineal gland (biological clock functioning). Moreover, it controls the flow of divine/cosmic energy into and throughout our body. Forming bun on the head fasten the entering of cosmic energy (just like water flows in whirlpool instead through straight path) helps to heal this chakra and promote proper functioning of Pineal gland. Pineal gland helps in release of endorphins which keep mother calm and happy and raise her consciousness which in turn raise consciousness of her child.

3. Why elderly women bless pregnant women by giving advise to focus on child during this sanskar?

As, I mentioned above that at fourth, sixth and eight month of pregnancy heart, brain and nervous system of fetus developed. Therefore, the fetus is ready to respond according to the effects of good or bad past birth karma and affects the mother's psyche too. But, here mother has responsibility to observe the negative emotions either it is sudden or she is upset with any matter. Here, she has to eradicate them with the help of her positive thinking and positive actions. As, she knows that the effects of her thoughts, emotions and actions will reform the physiology and psychology of child. That means, the heart of fetus should follow the liking and disliking according to liking and disliking of his mother which should be good for her and her fetus.

A scientific study (21) showed that when mother breathes rhythmically, her heartbeat synchronize with the heartbeat of fetus. If this synchronization does not happen, it could signal some developmental problem in pregnancy. This heart synchronization may be responsible for unique bond between mother and child and strong intuitive power for her child. Now, question is what is rhythm breathing.?

Rhythmic breathing is deep, slow with paying attention on the sound of breath. Breathing is very important during pregnancy ensures efficient removal of waste products as well as good supply of oxygen for both mother and child. It calms nervous system and give feeling of pleasant well-being.

Scientific study (17, 18) also showed that the fetal heart rate changes with physiological and psychological development of mother. for example, fetal heart rate and body movement decreases with increased maternal stress and anxiety level.

Moreover, a scientific study (23) showed not only in womb, but after birth too, if mother smiled and spoked to her baby, their heartbeats synchronize in less than a second without touching each other.

In addition to this, when it is tested to brain level (16, 20) found that the level of connectivity of brain waves varies according to mother's emotional state. When mother or parents are express more positive emotions during interaction such as eye contact, their brain becomes much more strongly connected with their baby's brain. This may help in learning easily from mothers or parents.

This result suggested that babies of depressed mothers may show less evidence of learning because of week neural connection between mother and infant. Premature babies tend to have less interaction with their mothers. Because, they miss out early opportunity to interact with their mothers. Babies who do not tune in with their mothers are less empathetic as teenagers.

4. Why pregnant women have food cravings?

During this sanskar, family and husband advised to take every possible care to safeguard the physical and mental health of pregnant woman. In Ayurvedic texts, Acharyas advised month wise dietetic regimen for pregnant woman which results in normal development of fetus. So, if Ayurveda designed diet for pregnant woman, then from where the concept of food craving comes? Are food cravings real and if yes, does it has something to relate with the physical and mental desire of mother and child?

It is estimated that 50% to 90% of expectant mothers will experience food cravings during their pregnancy, especially emerge at the end of first trimester. Food cravings peak both in frequency and intensity during the second trimester, and significantly decline towards delivery. Pregnant women can have cravings for sweet, salty, spicy, sour, high carb, protein and sometimes unusual. What are the possible reasons of food cravings supported by science are (25, 29):

1. Fluctuating hormones (Oestrogen and Progesterone) during pregnancy may change sensory perception of pregnant women, leading to food cravings.

2. Cravings may occurs to fulfill the nutrition deficit (micronutrients) required for healthy fetal development. It means, all pregnant women should crave for healthy food such as legumes, leafy vegetables, lentils and fruits. But, these women are very rare as compared to the women crave for junk foods. Some women crave for pickles indicate low sodium level in mother's body. Craving for spicy food indicate need to cool down their body. Craving for ice-cream indicate calcium deficiency, can be fulfilled by eating non- frozen dairy products. Craving for non-food substance such as ice, chalk, dirt and laundry starch indicate deficiency of iron, calcium and other minerals. Craving for raw mango and tamarind indicate deficiency of iron which can fulfilled by eating foods rich in vitamin C. It aids in the absorption of iron in body.

3. Presence of particular molecule in particular food leads to craving. For example, specific component of chocolate produce serotonin responsible for positive emotions.

4. Resistance to leptin, a hormone that helps to control appetite, so pregnant women are prone to craving.

5. Cultural influences and psychological factors affects pattern of cravings during pregnancy. For example, chocolates are most craved food in U.S and rice are in Japan, respectively.

Studies set by IOM (Institute of Medicine) showed that giving into pregnancy cravings leads to extra weight gain which is unhealthy for both, mother and child. It can increased risk of gestational diabetes, a range of complications in delivery, difficulties initiating breastfeeding, increased postpartum weight retention in the mothers, and overweight offspring (24). But, it is controversial as shown by scientific study (31).

Clinical Nutritionist advised that it is easy to quench a pregnancy cravings with healthy alternatives if we know what we really want. In reality, we always satisfied with combination of taste, texture and temperature of food not by its name. We often heard that pregnant women desire for food such as pizza (Combination of warm, creamy, smooth and salty) and ice cream (Combination of cold, creamy, smooth and sugary). Is it right? Just thing about poor pregnant lady, how they are able to satisfy their food craving? Ironically, they are far knowledgeable than us that actually know for what they are craving. They focus on economical food for craving, as can not afford ice cream and pizza.

One day, I asked to pregnant laborer in my locality about food craving. She said to have craving for sweet food. She used to eat jaggery and sweet chapati. Just think, jaggery is full of minerals and help in fulfilling the iron requirement by body. There is need to chose healthy alternative for food cravings. Consult to the gynecologist, when desire to eat non food items, as it may be due to the deficiency of micronutrients in body.

If mother adapt good healthy eating habits during pregnancy, then she does not have to struggle to feed her child with healthy food in life. Scientific studies showed that "Your sense of taste and smell is developed in utero,” says Julie Mennella, of the Monell Chemical Senses Center, in Philadelphia. “What the mother eats, a lot of the flavors—the garlic, vanilla, carrot, anise, a whole host of different flavors—are transmitted through the bloodstream and flavor amniotic fluid. If a baby has experienced a flavor in utero or in breastmilk, they prefer it more" (32, 33).

Mother has no right to do any mistake either physically, mentally or emotionally during her gestation period. That's why, it is said that mother is "God" because she is producing gross body with conscious mind i.e., "Human Being".

"Requesting to stop reproducing for sake of society or for the investment purpose for your old age. Requesting to reproduce to eradicate the negative prints of past bad karma of your child (energy), to give conscious and noble child to society and contribute to get salvation for yourself and your child".

Take care all of you,

Your's Sincerely

Purnima Ghai

References:

1.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273120728_THE_CHILDHOOD_SAMSKARAS_RITES_OF_PASSAGE_AND_ITS_SCIENTIFIC_APPRECIATION/link/54f72f780cf2ccffe9dab9be/download

2.http://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue3/PartG/3-2-98-953.pdf

3.https://www.ijam.co.in/index.php/ijam/article/view/142/143

4.https://www.swaminarayan.faith/media/3688/sanskar-english.pdf

5.https://www.healthline.com/health/how-many-hairs-on-a-human-head#per-square-inch

6.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_plexus

7.https://foreverconscious.com/the-healing-powers-of-hair

8.http://awakeningtimes.com/why-natives-kept-long-hair-spiritual-power-of-long-hair/

9.https://energyiseverythingeie.com/articles-gage/long-hair-the-spiritual-benefits#:~:text=It%20has%20been%20proven%20scientifically,hair%20wastes%20his%20body's%20energy.

10.https://www.3ho.org/3ho-lifestyle/women/radiant-health-and-beauty/hair-care-yoginis

11.http://www.dsource.in/resource/sikh-turbans/spiritual-and-religious-significance

12.https://www.sikhdharma.org/the-spiritual-technology-of-the-turban/

13.https://medium.com/@tibodhsara/the-purpose-and-benefits-of-body-hair-4fdb907aa98

14.http://uditarora25.blogspot.com/2016/02/scientic-reason-of-long-hairs-and.html

15.https://www.ananda.org/ask/the-yogic-significance-of-long-hair/

16.https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191217105210.htm

17.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728945/

18.https://bmcphysiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6793-3-2

19.https://www.heartmath.org/articles-of-the-heart/science-of-the-heart/mother-baby-study-supports-heart-brain-interactions/

20.https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/12/scienceshot-human-hearts-beat-together

21.https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-10696611

22.https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/breathing-exercises-during-pregnancy/

23./io9.gizmodo.com/mothers-and-babies-can-instantly-synchronize-their-hear-5865557

24.https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-pregnancy-food-cravings-lead-to-extra-weight-gain-warns-study-2226092

25.https://familyandconutrition.com/food_cravings_pregnancy/

26.https://www.webmd.com/baby/features/pregnancy-food-cravings#1

27.https://www.oviahealth.com/guide/10160/science-behind-pregnancy-cravings

28.https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/topics/intermountain-moms/2016/10/why-pregnancy-can-make-you-have-weird-cravings/

29.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172095/#:~:text=Popular%20hypotheses%20regarding%20the%20causes,cognitive%20or%20affective%20characteristics%20of

30.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5666241/

31.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jhn.12333

32.https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/02/pregnant-cravings-kids-food-taste/606007/

33.https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2014/apr/08/child-food-preferences-womb-pregnancy-foetus-taste-flavours

34.https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-research/the-universe/sattva-raja-tama/

35.https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/function-of-hair

36.https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/8543/agni-tattva

37.https://7pranayama.com/surya-bhedana-pranayama-right-nostril-breathing-steps-benefits/#:~:text=In%20the%20process%20of%20inhaling,body%20known%20as%20Pingala%20Nadi.

38.https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/loose-hair

39.https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/growing-hair-out

40.https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-living/what-hairstyle-suits-me/22_sleeping_with_hair_open/

41.https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-living/what-hairstyle-suits-me/effect-hair-care-hairstyles/

42.https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/335.html

43.https://juniperpublishers.com/jyp/pdf/JYP.MS.ID.555694.pdf

44.https://www.spiritualawareness.co.in/cosmic-energy/

45.https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-prayer-is-food-for-brain-it-helps-connect-with-cosmic-energy-2785980

46.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/top-9-benefits-of-balancing-your-chakra-during-pregnancy/articleshow/74452097.cms#:~:text=Healing%20third%20eye%20chakra%20helps,want%20to%20convey%20from%20inside.

47.https://www.jennifersoldner.com/2017/03/cleanse-your-chakras-with-the-power-of-the-sun.html

48.https://www.gaia.com/article/sun-salutations-chakras-activation?render=details-v4

49.https://www.chakras.info/chakras-glands/

50.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5514789/

51.https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/hindu-lifestyle/hindu-attire/saree-pallu

52. Picture courtesy: IndiaMart, Socratic, Mayo clinic,

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Sunday, September 13, 2020

Scientific Explanation of Namakaran (Naming Ceremony of child) Sanskar

Category: Science in Ancient texts (Hindu Sanskar)

Hi Beautiful and Peaceful Soul,

In the series of blogs about sixteen sanskars, after discussing Nishkraman(https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/nishkraman-sanskar-outing-ceremony-of.html), Annaprashan(https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of-annaprashan.html), Mundan(https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of.html), Karnavedhana (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of-karnavedhana.html) and Jaatakarma & SwarnaPrashan Sanskar (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/09/scientific-explanation-of-jaatakarma.html) in my previous blogs, today I am going to discuss about Namakaran Sanskar.

What is Namakaran Sanskar and its Scientific Explanation?

It is a religious ceremony conducted by the family members to assign a name to the newborn child. This gives personal identity to the child and is required for socialization. Generally, this sanskar is performed on 10th day of life (Charaka) and can be performed any day from 10th day (Sushruta and Laghu Vagbhata) to 100th day (Vriddha Vagbhata) in special cases such as if mother or child is not well.

According to Acharya Charak, mother and child should take bath with water purified by herbs on this day, wear clean cloths, ornaments, touch auspicious things and worship God. Bathing of mother and baby with medicated water ensures hygiene and disinfection. Lodhra herb used for bathing is known to reduce inflammation and has wound healing properties apart from controlling excessive vaginal bleeding (3, 10, 11). Mother should sit with baby's head facing towards north or east direction depending upon where maximum illumination of sunlight is present. Sunlight makes any inflammation on head like cephalohematoma (collection of blood between baby scalp and skull when blood vessels are often damaged during labor and delivery) visible (3, 12). Father of the child then prays to God and proposes two names for the child - one name should be based on the location of moon in a particular Nakshatra (Constellations) during his birth and another name should be based on child's ultimate goal in life.

In this sanskar, name is given by parents, helps in developing a parental bond with baby and understanding parental responsibilities. During this ceremony, parents and other family members are taught to provide an atmosphere where the inherent qualities of child can be awakened.

Significance of naming on the basis of Nakshatra (constellations):

When the moon travels in the sky, it is believed to pass through 27 Nakshatras. The child's place and time of birth helps to locate the position of moon in specific Nakshatra at that time. Each Nakshatra has certain syllables that are considered lucky for the baby. Parents can select a name that starts with that particular sound or syllable. Astrologers believe that Nakshatra can give an insight into the baby's personality and attributes. Therefore, this helps in naming a child on the basis of his positive attributes which in turn will reflect in his personality. This is the primary reason why Indian parents consult an astrologer to find out their child's Nakshatra soon after the birth. Hindus believe that Nakshatra plays a significant role in shaping their baby's character, destiny and life.

What cautions should be taken while naming the child?

1. Name should be meaningful and depict the expectations from the child.

2. It should not be kept on the name of animals, birds and words with no meanings.

3. Name should reflect the nature, attributes and personality of child.

4. Name should reflect the ultimate goal in child's life.

5. It should be easy to pronounce and should not be distorted.

Why Namakaran Sanskar is performed after 10 days of child's birth?

In our scriptures, 10 days immediately after the birth of child are considered as Asauch or Sutak (Purification period). At this time, baby releases meconium, the earliest stool after birth majorly coming from what is consumed in the womb. It is also the time where there are high chances of child mortality. Baby can die within a week in case of major congenital abnormalities such as Rh incompatibility, severe birth asphyxia etc. The child bears maximum risk of infections, sepsis, neonatal jaundice, etc during this time. So conducting naming ceremony before the 10th day can result in bad emotional impact on parents/family in case of child's unfortunate death (4). Therefore, this sanskar should be done at least after ten days, when the child has successfully completed the vulnerable early neonatal period (birth to seven days).

After naming ceremony, Ayupariksha should be done. This means any diseased condition of the baby, such as persistence of jaundice, should be taken seriously. Further, baby weight and umbilical cord should be examined.

What is the importance of giving name to child?

It is said that name is the only thing that lefts behind after person's death. And how does a person ensures his name to be remembered even after death is through his good deeds. So, everyone wish to get remembered after death but the question is, how we can encourage our child to do good karma? One of the most crucial way of doing this is by giving him a meaningful name that reflects a dignified quality. Let's try to understand how this works:

There are countless current of energies in the cosmos, all of which are distinct from each other. Similarly, there are countless energy currents in human body. In yogic literature, these are called Nadis (energy currents) which affect the physical and mental state of body. Yogis through their spiritual powers captured the sounds of these nadis each represented as respective letter of Sanskrit language. At a more subtle level, the Sanskrit phonemes relate to the energy currents which lie deep inside the human body. The yogis have identified places in the body where two or more energy currents cross. The point where two energy currents intersect is called a Sandhi while the point where three energy currents cross is called Marma Shthana and the point where more than three energy currents converge is called a Chakra. At the chakras, the vibratory patterns of energy are significantly strong. At the center of each chakra a distinct sound predominates and other sounds are centered around it. That is why, in kundalini yoga, each chakra is represented as a particular letter at its center with a letter on each petal.

We know that each chakra is associated with respective endocrine gland in human body. These endocrine glands secrete hormones responsible for various physiological and psychological activities in body. Therefore, balanced chakra (energy is vibrating in a way that produce sound specific to that chakra) are required for good physical and mental health to perform sattvic karma.

In addition to this, these seven chakras corresponds to planets and constellations in our astral body. It means, the cosmic radiations emitted by various celestial bodies in universe are received by chakra representing that specific celestial body in our astral body.

All celestial bodies emit cosmic radiation but different people perceive it in different ways. It is our chakra which is responsible for receiving cosmic radiation in appropriate way from these celestial bodies. Chakras, if don't work properly could lead to different effects. For example, Root chakra which is responsible for our survival is represented by planet Saturn. Due to past karma, one may have this chakra blocked so either he does not receive any energy or receive erratic cosmic energy of Saturn. It is thus considered as weak in his birth chart and as a result problems related to Saturn are faced by such persons. On the other hand, another person survives very easily because cosmic energy of Saturn free flows in his Root chakra and thus considered as strong in his birth chart. The working of chakra depends on our karma from past or present lives. Previous life karma decides the date and time of our birth. Therefore, the effect of good and bad karma comes with new birth.

Thus, all these Sanskars are ways or processes to eradicate the effects of bad karma and simultaneously enhance the effect of good karma in present life. Therefore, by giving a name starting with the letter or sound that corresponds to or is in harmony with the vibrations of the Nakshatras (in which the child is born), helps to enhance the positive vibrations in child's energy body. This promotes a healthy psychology, physical and mental development of child. It also protects from the malicious effects of other planets and helps the child to perform good karma and in turn achieve Moksha.

The only thing responsible to make our name famous in life is our karma and it's our name that reminds us to do good karma. Therefore, meaningful name leads to meaningful life and meaningless name leads to meaningless life. While naming parents should be aware that they are not only giving beautiful name to the child but they also deciding the destiny of their child. I would recommend all parents to give only Vedic Sanskrit names to their child.

I hope you like it!

Take care all of you!!

Your's Sincerely

Purnima Ghai.

References:

1.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273120728_THE_CHILDHOOD_SAMSKARAS_RITES_OF_PASSAGE_AND_ITS_SCIENTIFIC_APPRECIATION

2.http://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue3/PartG/3-2-98-953.pdf

3.http://interscience.org.uk/images/article/v8-i1/9ijahm.pdf

4.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322951080_International_Journal_of_Ayurveda_and_Pharma_Research_Review_Article_A_CRITICAL_APPRAISAL_ON_VARIOUS_SAMSKARA%27S_WITH_THEIR_SCIENTIFIC_AND_MEDICAL_IMPORTANCE_IN_PEDIATRIC_AGE_GROUP

5.https://www.ijam.co.in/index.php/ijam/article/view/142/143

6.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316883640_An_Analytical_Study_of_Bal-Sanskara_WSR_to_Physio-Anatomical_Changes_for_Assessment_of_Developmental_Milestones/link/5915f4d2aca27200fe501558/download

7.https://www.swaminarayan.faith/media/3688/sanskar-english.pdf

8.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323144083_CRITICAL_ANALYSIS_OF_CHILDHOOD_SANSKARAS_SACRAMENTS_IN_LIGHT_OF_CONTEMPORARY_SCIENCE

9.https://www.wjpmr.com/home/article_abstract/2272

10.https://wjpr.net/admin/assets/article_issue/1515041720.pdf

11.https://www.easyayurveda.com/2013/09/30/lodhra-symplocos-racemosa-benefits-usage-dose-side-effects/

12.https://www.healthline.com/health/cephalohematoma#:~:text=Cephalohematoma%20(CH)%20is%20a%20collection,damaged%20during%20labor%20and%20delivery.

13.https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/hi/wisdom/article/science-of-naming-ceremony

14.https://chitrapurmath.net/documents/sanskrit/sands001.pdf

15.https://www.organiser.org/Encyc/2020/7/5/A-Language-of-Science.html

16.https://www.hitxp.com/articles/linguistics/sanskrit-grammar-word-creation-dhatu-pratyaya-upasarga/

17.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313163837_28_Nakshatras_-_The_Real_Secrets_of_Vedic_Astrology_An_e-book

18. Picture Courtesy: Astroprabha

19.https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/relationship-between-chakras-and-planets-516427

20.https://www.ananda.org/ask/astrology-relationship-human-body-planets/

21.http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1803247.pdf

22.https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/215328/13/manuhar%20thesis%20pdf%20history.pdf

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Friday, September 4, 2020

Scientific Explanation of Jaatakarma (Birth ceremonies) and Swarnaprashan Sanskar

Category: Science in Ancient texts (Hindu Sanskar)

Hi Beautiful and Peaceful Souls,

In the series of blogs about sixteen sanskars, after discussing Nishkraman (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/nishkraman-sanskar-outing-ceremony-of.html), Annaprashan (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of-annaprashan.html) , Mundan sanskar (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of.html), and Karnavedhana sanskar (https://thepureknowledge.blogspot.com/2020/08/scientific-explanation-of-karnavedhana.html) in my previous blogs, today I will discuss about Jaatakarma Sanskar & Swarna Prashan Sanskar which are correlated to each other and should be done simultaneously.

What is Jaatakarma (Birth Ritual) Sanskar?

The word ''Jata" means born or brought into existence. Jaatakarma is the birth rite which helps the baby transcend from intrauterine life to extra uterine life. This is the first and the foremost sanskara performed with the child just after birth.

1. Why do we use Gram flour mixture for child after his birth?

Regarding this sanskar, after cutting the umbilical cord Acharya Sushruta opined that cleaning the vernix (Greasy deposit covering the skin of baby after birth) with a mixture of curd and gram flour (besan) and mouth and nose with a mixture of rock salt and Ghee should be done. Clearing the mouth secretions clears the airway and prevents aspiration. Cleaning the vernix provides tactile stimulation (activating the nerve signals beneath skin's surface that are responsible for texture, temperature and touch sensations) to the baby making him breath and cry.

2. Why do we hold the child after supporting his head by our hand and cover baby's head with cloth all the time?

During this sanskar, vaidhya should examine the fontanelles (location on head where skull bones fused together) to depict child's health. To prevent this portion of head as it is delicate so to make it strong, Acharya Sushruta opined to place the cotton plug dipped in Ghee. This helps to protect the child from hypothermia as baby's homeostatsis does not start working properly immediately. According to Acharya Charak, after the cutting umbilical cord and stabilization of baby, the child should be given first feeding of Honey and Ghee consecrated with mantra on the first day of birth. Thereafter, milk from the right breast should be offered to the child within half an hour.

3. Why do we offer a mixture of Honey and Ghee with gold bashma (powder) before giving breast milk to child?

As per the opinion of some other Acharyas, the mixture of Honey and Ghee can be mixed with Swarna Bhasma to boost the immunity many folds. This technique is called Swarna prashan sanskar (32) has been replaced by costly vaccines now-a-days. Vaccines produce active acquired immunity (immunity to a particular diseases) and thus children are vaccinated to protect from different diseases in present scenario despite knowing the limitations of vaccine. All parents are well aware of how the child behaves (irritated and aggressive) on the scheduled day of vaccination. The more worrying part is, we do not have vaccines for all diseases that may occur in future.

Our ancestors seem to be much more intelligent in this regard. This mixture given to child makes him healthy without any side effects in two ways:

1. Swarna Prashan produces non-specific immunity (activates non-specific immune cells that respond to various antigens) and protect the child from various diseases. Thus, it is Ayurvedic immunization process.

2. Unlike intravenous vaccines, child does not feel any pain, irritation and aggression rather swarna bhasma is sweet in taste. Moreover, child does not suffer from any side effects such as fever, nausea, diarrhoea, seizures and anaphylactic reactions (33).

Acharya Kashyapa described the Swarna Prashan vidhi in which Gold is rubbed on a washed stone with honey, ghee and water. While keeping baby's face towards east, he/she is encouraged to lick the mixture. If swarn prashan is administered to child for one month, child can become a genius and if administrated for six months, child can remember every single word he listens.

Acharya Vagbhat described gold licking by making a paste of many herbs mixed with honey and ghee. This paste is then held in plate made of gold and sanctified by touching the tip of kusha grass along with reciting mantras (15). Four formulations of Swarna prashan are also described by Acharya Sushruta (15). The mixture of Ghee, honey and gold according to another vaidhya Agnidev is as follows:

Instead of using gold bhasma, rub the gold foil till its particles fill the lines of the finger, then again rub it after mixing with honey until gold particles become invisible. Add 2 or 3 drops of Ghee to it and give it to the child. Best honey for this purpose, is Makshika honey (collected by red variety of honey bee) which is red in color (49). This ritual has to be done by child's father.

4. Why father should not give honey, ghee and gold mixture with his finger?

The father, who is going to feed this mixture to child should not use his finger. Child can get the infected due to germs present on it. Feeding should be done by gold spoon (Shalakha) and writes ''OM" on the tongue of child and whispers "Vedo asi" in the right ear of the child. This means your secret name is "Veda". The Vedas essentially mean four things-Knowledge, thinking, authority and beneficial for mankind. Right at the beginning of life a child should be aware of knowledge, science, intelligence and believe in the power of God. This ritual plants the seed of spirituality in the child.

5. Why does father write "OM" on the tongue and say "Vedo asi" in the right ear of child ?

In this sanskar while writing "OM" on the tongue of child, parents are pledging to take a big responsibility that we will keep our child in a healthy environment. As per psychologists, till five years of age, the physical and mental health of child depends on the environment in which the child is living. If parents up bring their child properly untill 5 years of age, the child will always stay with their parents. While writing "OM", the parents also take responsibility to put their child on spiritual path and teach him to create a balance between materialistic and spiritual life.

Similarly, the grown up individual if attends such ceremonies, he will see the same rituals. This will make him keep only one expectation from his child i.e., to be conscious and good human being. This will also remind him time and again the pledge taken by his parents in front of whole society "to make him a person who will always do good karma for the mankind". This repetition will not allow the child to divert from the real path of life. Therefore, sanskar plays very important role in physical, mental and spiritual life of child.

The deep meaning of writing "OM" on child's tongue is that whatever he says, it will lead to spiritual path. This is only possible when the seed of spirituality is planted in his mind. This is done by whispering the first word "Vedosi" (My child, you are wise being, not unwise ) in his ear by father. It will remain in his subconscious mind forever. So, whenever he will listen to word "Veda", he will show love and respect for Veda (The Pure Knowledge). Therefore, the child will perform day to day activities consciously and will always surrender to Dharma. If Abhimanyu can learn the technique to penetrate chakravyuh in mother's womb, then why writing "OM" on tongue and saying "Veda" as the first word, before child encounters any other sound, cannot make him devoted to God and Veda? Think about it.

6. Why we should not eat and give equal mixture of honey and ghee to child?

It is very important to make sure that the mixture has more honey (six drops) and only little amount of Ghee (2 drops) in it (10). A mixture of equal proportion of honey and Ghee is not recommended in Ayurveda. It is supported by a scientific study (35) which demonstrated the negative effects when equal proportion of honey and ghee was given to mice for 60 days. It is a classic example of Matra Viriddha (Dose incompatibility) in the viruddha Ahara concept of Ayurveda (36).

7. Why father should not kiss his child after performing above rituals?

After this, father smells the forehead to bless and display his affection towards child. In vedic culture, parents and elders used to bless the children by smelling their heads or putting their hands on the heads of the children. Kissing the child on cheeks and lips is not encouraged in vedic culture. By kissing, parents and elders can transfer the microbes to their child.

8. Why does havan with yellow mustard seeds should be performed in home after child birth for few days?

In this sanskar, it is recommended to perform morning and evening havan in the house for at least ten days. Yellow mustard seeds should be offered in havan as oblation. Mustard seed/oil is considered good for eczema and other skin and blood related diseases in Ayurveda. It also helps to get rid of phlegm from the head of body. The fragrance and smoke arising from the havan kund when breathed by mother keeps her healthy. This ritual helps in purification of both mother and child.

9. Why do we make sound near the ear of child?

According to Ayurvedic acharyas, the very first sense that child become aware of is hearing capacity. So according to Acharya Charak, one should make a sound near the ear of child by striking stones. Therefore, Jaatakarma sanskar is mainly to activate the five sensory organs of child, protecting child from outer environment and increasing child's immunity through swarnaprashan sanskar.

10. Why do we offer warm food rich in ghee, hot herbs and spices to mother? Moreover, why do we keep water pot near mother's head?

According to Ayurveda, the human body is made up of three energies or doshas i.e., vata, pitta and kapha. The process of childbirth creates an empty space within the womb, giving air the opportunity to occupy this space and causes an imbalance in the vata energy. This is manifested as anxiety, dryness, gas, constipation, bloating and interrupted sleep. Therefore, after postpartum, there is need to calm vata of mother. As the mother is full of mobile, light, dry and cold qualities after the loss of energy, blood and fluids. This results into weak digestive fire, so there is need to give food and qualities opposite to vata such as warm, mushy, oily, smooth and dense which balances vata and restore digestive fire. Light foods such as warm soups, khichdi and ghee to promote digestion, keep energy level high and to ensure that stool are soft. Hot herbs are also given that expel gas and support lactation. However, these hot herbs can negatively affect mother's brain. Therefore, in this sanskar, water pot processed with mantra is kept along the side of the head of mother as recommended by Acharya Charak. The water pot near the head of the mother keeps her head and mind cool and healthy.

11. Why do we covers ears of mother and child?

Moreover, ears are regarded as an entry point for air to enter the body. To prevent an imbalance of the vata, new mothers and babies are advised to plug their ears with cotton. Keeping feet warm and massaging with oil can also help to balance vata (43).

More Scientific Explanation of Jaatakarma sanskar

1. The concept of tropic feed is completely fulfilled by given the mixture of unequal proportion of honey and Ghee in Jaatakarma sanskar. Tropic feeding is the practice of minute volumes of feed to child through gastrointestinal tract in order to initiate intestinal movement and to activate the gut. This helps in passing the meconium (The earliest stool of a mammalian infant which is composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends in the uterus) at the earliest. Moreover, a clinical study have shown that trophic feeding alters gastrointestinal dissachride activity, hormone release, blood flow, motility, microbial florain in preterm infants. Trophic feeding improves milk tolerance, helps in greater postnatal growth, reduces systemic sepsis and shortens hospital stay (1).

2. Rooting and sucking reflexes as well as sucking and swallowing coordination is assessed while offering honey and Ghee. Rooting reflex (2) allows a newborn baby to find mother's breast. The sucking reflex gets activated when the roof of newborn's mouth is touched to mother's breast or nipple of bottle.

3. We can examine the baby to rule out anomalies such as cleft palate (It is opening in the roof of the mouth that occurs when the tissue doesn't fuse together during development in the womb), Tracheo-Oesophageal fistula (is an abnormal connection in one or more places between the oesophagus and the trachea), fissured tongue (Tongue has wrinkled appearance) (3).

4. Ghee is a great source of energy even if given in small amounts as Ghee contains omega-3 fatty acid and DHA which helps in better brain growth and development. Ghee helps in increasing memory, intellect, complexion, voice, strength, semen, ojas and age. Ghee is beneficial for eyes, bones (due to the presence of fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A and D) and increases immunity. Ghee also has lubricating property, so results in lubrication of mucosa of gastrointestinal tract. Ghee is used to treat Pitta related disorder in Ayurveda.

5. We know that bacterial resistance to the antimicrobial agents poses a very serious threat to public health. So, alternative antimicrobial strategies are needed which lead the evaluation of plants and plant based products such as Honey. In most ancient cultures, honey is used for both nutritional and medicinal purposes. Many researchers have found that raw untreated and unprocessed honey has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity when tested to pathogenic bacteria in vitro (16, 17) as well as in vivo (18, 19, 21). The antimicrobial property of honey is due to the high osmolarity, acidity, presence of phytochemical compounds and enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide. It is thus helpful in enhancing immunity of child. In addition to this, honey given in this sanskar is a rich source of carbohydrates providing instant energy to child. Moreover, a clinical study showed that children admitted into hospital with gastroenteritis indicated remarkable reduced duration of diarrhea when treated with honey (20). In addition to this, when a low dose of honey is administered to newborn regularly, the child gradually develops resistance for allergens with age and remains unaffected by allergic disorders (30). Honey helps in balancing Tridosha as per Ayurveda.

Friends, I want to add here that though honey contains inhibitory agents for microbes but is also a reservoir for many microbes (23). Modern science does not recommend to give raw honey to child below 6 months of age due to the presence of harmful bacteria Clostridium botulism spores in it (22, 24). These spores are rare accidental contaminant carried into the hive on dust, water, or pollen from the environment which remain dormant in raw honey due to its antimicrobial environment. These bacteria are present in soil, inside homes on floors, carpet and counter tops even after cleaning. For almost all healthy children and adults, ingesting botulism spores does not cause botulism. However, these spores grow in the immature intestine (immature intestine lining does not have a coat of antibodies A which allows the growth of germs) in infants, produce toxins and cause botulism in infants.

Contrary to this, Ayurveda recommends honey at the first day of birth of child. So, who is right? After doing some research, I came to know that the processed (heated) honey can destroy spores of botulism. Unfortunately, it also destroys antimicrobial activity of the honey. So, Ayurveda can definitely not recommend processed honey as it defeats the whole purpose of giving it to child. Therefore, Ayurveda is surely talking about raw honey. Now the question is, how parents avoided the danger of botulinum spores present in honey in ancient times? Let us try to understand this.

1. The contamination of honey by spores of Clostridium botulinum occurs either in the beehive or during the extraction phase. In both cases, the contamination seems to occur via dust, either carried into the beehive by bees and accumulating in the beeswax or carried into the extraction facilities by the beekeeper or on production equipment. Hand washing facilities, adequate illumination and the use of different footwear inside the extraction room helps in decreasing contamination of botulism spores (40).

Were ancient beekeepers able to make pure raw honey without any contamination?

2. Did mother's breast milk has superior quality (highest antimicrobial activity) in ancient times compared to today's mothers due to changed lifestyle? A scientific report showed that colostrum contains antibodies against this bacteria and differences in the intestinal microflora of infants depends mainly on their diet; the intestinal microflora of formula-fed infants has significantly more clostridia than that of breast-fed infants (40). Another scientific report showed that breast-feeding may delay the clinical severity of this condition, allowing these infants to receive medical attention before the botulism becomes fatal. Although this toxicity is very rare around the world.

3. Were our ancestors aware of this disease so advised to use honey and ghee with some herbs and metal such as gold which possesses immuno boosting capacity along with other properties required for the overall development of child? There is a wide spread practice of administering "Ghutti" (an herbal concoction mixed with honey) as a prelacteal feed (food provided to new born before initiating breastfeeding) to new born babies among Asian families (24).

After doing some research, I learned one more thing, we should consume only raw honey from a good brand which follows GMP for pure honey devoid of any harmful contaminants. We should also avoid consuming heated honey and honey along with hot water. It is an example of sanskar viruddha (Processing incompatibility) and Krama viruddha (Sequence Viruddha) in the viruddha Ahara concept of Ayurveda (36).

6. Swarna bhasma is given to child for its immuno modulation as well as physical, mental and intellectual growth. As mentioned above, it increases intellect, memory, immunity, aphrodisiac, digestive and metabolic power, strength, improves complexion and provide longevity. Many pharmaco clinical studies showed that gold has antioxidant, restorative property and immunomodulating effects (15). In a clinical study on neonates, honey-Ghrit-Swarna-Vacha combination showed significant effect on humoural antibody formation. Swarnabhasma has a stimulatory effect on peritoneal macrophages which may be helpful to fight against infections.

Swarnaprashan can be done in any age group till 16 years providing different benefits. As an immunomodulator it can be given in early ages as it is stage of developing immune system. It can be used in immunodeficiency disorders provided there is no serious illness associated with it. As an intelligence enhancer it can be given from birth to six months daily. As a fertility enhancer it can be given in adolescence because this is the stage of developing reproductive system (25, 26, 29, 30, 31). In addition to this, a clinical study showed positive effect of a mixture of gold ash, honey, ghee and Medhya herb (brain stimulant) indicating less infections with fast recovery and weight and height gain in preterm infants (27, 28). Moreover, an in vivo study showed the augmentation of non-specific immunity in mice by ayurvedic gold preparation (26). A clinical study conducted on swarna parashan sanskar along with many herbs in Ghee as medium showed that there is improvement in cough, sleep disturbance and other diseases in children of 0 to 16 age groups (39).

7. In Jaatakarma Sanskar, milk is given to child within half an hour after all rituals had been performed to ensure proper nutrition and protective antibodies present in colostrum. This sanskar is also helpful for mothers. Breastfeeding protects child from various diseases and leads to less illness, hospitalization and sudden death of child (42). The mantra used during this sanskar gives psychological support to parents especially mothers. A relaxed, confident attitude of mother helps the milk ejection reflex. Therefore, this sanskar promotes breast feeding and strengthens the bond between mother and child. It benefits mother as it helps in uterine involution (process in which uterus is transformed from pregnant to non-pregnant state), reduce postpartum hemorrhage incidence (heavy bleeding after delivering) and protection against pregnancy.

Protection from pregnancy!! Yes it is true. Breastfeeding is a natural contraceptive method called lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM). High level of oestrogen is responsible for ovulation while breastfeeding reduces oestrogen hormone levels in women's body. This leads to women not ovulating and thus prevents pregnancy. If women exclusively (at least every 4 hours during the day and every 6 hours at night) breastfeeds till six months of child birth without giving any supplementary food then it is highly effective to avoid pregnancy (44, 45). However, this method is not effective once mother starts mensturating after childbirth. A scientific study showed that women who returned to work and were using LAM to exclusively feed their babies with breast milk were more likely to get pregnant than non-working moms using LAM (47).

Moreover, there are many other benefits of breastfeeding for mothers such as faster weight loss, less urinary infections, anemia, postpartum depression and protection from various types of cancer (42). Delayed initiation of breast feeding (hour to day 7) increases the risk of mortality in child.

This is my effort to share the best possible information on scientific research related to this sanskar. Hope you like it.

Take care all of you

Your's Sincerely

Purnima Ghai

References:

1.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11332950/

2.https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/rooting-reflex

3.https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cleft-palate/symptoms-causes/syc-20370985#:~:text=A%20cleft%20palate%20is%20an,occur%20without%20affecting%20the%20lip.

4.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273120728_THE_CHILDHOOD_SAMSKARAS_RITES_OF_PASSAGE_AND_ITS_SCIENTIFIC_APPRECIATION

5.http://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue3/PartG/3-2-98-953.pdf

6.http://interscience.org.uk/images/article/v8-i1/9ijahm.pdf

7.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322951080_International_Journal_of_Ayurveda_and_Pharma_Research_Review_Article_A_CRITICAL_APPRAISAL_ON_VARIOUS_SAMSKARA'S_WITH_THEIR_SCIENTIFIC_AND_MEDICAL_IMPORTANCE_IN_PEDIATRIC_AGE_GROUP/link/5a7948070f7e9b41dbd4503d/download